In order to study the deformation of soil body during shaft excavation under different conditions, a shaft project of Changsha Metro is taken as the research object, and the finite element software PLAXIS 3D is used to establish a model, and the settlement of the soil body after excavation and the influence of external load on the shaft are analyzed. The results show that:1) During the shaft excavation, the deformation area of the soil body gradually decreases from top to bottom, and the deformation area of the surface soil layer is the largest. 2) The deformation of the soil around the shaft is mainly concentrated in the upper soil layer;3) In the vertical direction, as the depth increases, the displacement of the soil body tends to increase first and then decrease. When the bottom of the shaft is located in clay soil, the displacement can reach the maximum value, about 60 mm ;4) The increase of external load has little impact on the bottom of the foundation pit. When the load reaches 60 kN/m², the influence range extends to 3 times the width of the bottom of the shaft, resulting in a surface displacement of 100～110 mm . When the external load increases to 80 kN/m² , the maximum load position appears on the load surface, and the surface displacement can reach 130～140 mm ;5) The maximum displacement decreases with the increase of the load distance, and when the load distance is 6m , the load position has little influence on the row pile. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the actual shaft construction.