The construction industry drives the development of the national economy and is a pillar industry of China's economy. However, while the construction industry is developing rapidly, the frequency of safety accidents is also relatively high, bringing negative impacts to the industry. In this paper, the latent dirichlet allocation (LDA) is applied to analyze the text data of accident cases, and six main topics are identified, including construction equipment safety management, compliance with regulations, organizational management, special operation management, heavy equipment management, and safety protection measures for high-altitude operations. The research shows that by constructing a comprehensive safety control system for the entire life cycle of machinery and materials at construction sites, improving the framework of safety production regulations and standards, innovating organizational structure management models, establishing a special operation personnel certification and dynamic supervision mechanism, perfecting the standardized process and risk assessment matrix for heavy equipment installation and dismantling operations, and building a fall protection system and 3D monitoring network for high-altitude operations, the inherent safety level of construction projects can be systematically enhanced, providing a reference for the systematic construction of engineering safety management.